The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) officially recognizes over 4.4 million people worldwide as stateless or of undetermined nationality. However, the actual number is likely much higher due to data collection challenges.

Stateless persons – those not recognized as citizens of any country – are deprived of fundamental rights such as education, healthcare, and employment, leaving them highly vulnerable to exploitation and discrimination. But which countries have the most?

This map, via Visual Capitalist, created by Arciom Antanovič, uses data from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees to show the countries with the most stateless persons in 2023.

Bangladesh Tops the List

Certain countries are home to a disproportionate share of the world’s stateless people, often due to historical, social, and legal complexities.

Bangladesh comes in first with 971,898, followed by Côte d’Ivoire with 930,978, while Myanmar comes in third with 632,789.

Country of Asylum
Stateless Persons
🇦🇱 Albania
2,018
🇦🇷 Argentina
22
🇦🇲 Armenia
520
🇦🇺 Australia
8,073
🇦🇹 Austria
3,194
🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
513
🇧🇩 Bangladesh
971,898
🇧🇾 Belarus
5,567
🇧🇪 Belgium
936
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina
21
🇧🇷 Brazil
5
🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam
20,863
🇧🇬 Bulgaria
817
🇧🇮 Burundi
791
🇨🇻 Cabo Verde
115
🇰🇭 Cambodia
75,000
🇨🇦 Canada
5,222
🇨🇱 Chile
1,708
🇨🇷 Costa Rica
327
🇨🇮 Cote d’Ivoire
930,978
🇭🇷 Croatia
742
🇨🇾 Cyprus
86
🇨🇿 Czechia
1,611
🇩🇰 Denmark
8,657
🇪🇬 Egypt
10
🇪🇪 Estonia
65,944
🇫🇮 Finland
2,974
🇫🇷 France
4,174
🇬🇪 Georgia
530
🇩🇪 Germany
28,964
🇬🇷 Greece
3,743
🇭🇺 Hungary
137
🇮🇸 Iceland
31
🇮🇳 India
22,646
🇮🇩 Indonesia
2,093
🇮🇶 Iraq
233
🇮🇪 Ireland
53
🇮🇱 Israel
35
🇮🇹 Italy
3,000
🇯🇵 Japan
503
🇯🇴 Jordan
68
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
7,892
🇰🇪 Kenya
9,800
🇰🇼 Kuwait
92,000
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
20
🇱🇻 Latvia
180,614
🇱🇹 Lithuania
2,331
🇱🇺 Luxembourg
201
🇲🇾 Malaysia
117,070
🇲🇽 Mexico
13
🇲🇳 Mongolia
17
🇲🇪 Montenegro
416
🇲🇲 Myanmar
632,789
🇳🇵 Nepal
489
🇳🇱 Netherlands
4,816
🇳🇿 New Zealand
29
🇲🇰 North Macedonia
275
🇳🇴 Norway
2,046
🇵🇰 Pakistan
59
🇵🇾 Paraguay
5
🇵🇪 Peru
32
🇵🇭 Philippines
28
🇵🇱 Poland
1,533
🇵🇹 Portugal
31
🇶🇦 Qatar
1,200
🇰🇷 South Korea
246
🇲🇩 Moldova
3,267
🇷🇴 Romania
287
🇷🇺 Russia
92,209
🇷🇼 Rwanda
9,500
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
70,000
🇷🇸 Serbia and Kosovo
2,329
🇸🇬 Singapore
1,109
🇸🇰 Slovakia
49
🇸🇮 Slovenia
10
🇸🇸 South Sudan
10,500
🇪🇸 Spain
8,579
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
111
🇸🇪 Sweden
18,698
🇨🇭 Switzerland
1,185
🇸🇾 Syria
160,000
🇹🇯 Tajikistan
3,827
🇹🇭 Thailand
587,132
🇹🇷 Türkiye
415
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
3,583
🇺🇬 Uganda
67,000
🇺🇦 Ukraine
35,765
🇬🇧 United Kingdom
4,547
🇺🇾 Uruguay
5
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
22,496
🇻🇳 Viet Nam
26,811

The raw number drops significantly after the fourth-placed Thailand with 587,132, as the fifth-placed Latvia only has 180,614.

The Causes of Statelessness

One of the primary drivers of statelessness is that in some countries, nationality can only be inherited through the father. When fathers are absent, the children may be left without a recognized nationality. This issue is particularly harmful for single mothers and families separated by conflict or migration.

Another significant cause of statelessness is racial and ethnic discrimination. Some governments use citizenship laws to exclude specific minority groups. In Myanmar, the Rohingya are a well-known example of such discrimination.

Geopolitical changes, such as shifting borders and citizenship revocation, also contribute to the issue. Governments sometimes strip individuals of their nationality as a punitive measure.

Which countries in the United States are not recognized by all members? See this unique visual from Julie Peasley on Voronoi.