Americans are always worrying about debt: their own and their government’s.

This visualization, via Visual Capitalist’s Pallavi Rao, maps each state by their household debt-to-income ratios (DTI) in Q1, 2025, revealing which states carry the heaviest burdens and which ones keep borrowing in check.

Data for this visualization comes from the Federal Reserve. The highest ratio is visualized per state.

ℹ️ Debt includes mortgages, autos, credit cards, etc., and excludes student loans. Income is based on unemployment insurance-covered wages, as reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Which States Carry the Most Debt?

Two states share the top spot: Idaho and Hawaii both post a DTI of 2.06, meaning households owe just over twice their annual after-tax income.

Rank
State
State Code
Debt-to-Income Ratio (2025)
Debt-to-Income Ratio (1999)
1999–2025 Change
1
Idaho
ID
2.06
1.50
0.56
2
Hawaii
HI
2.06
2.06
0.00
3
Arizona
AZ
1.84
1.40
0.44
4
Colorado
CO
1.84
1.40
0.44
5
Utah
UT
1.84
1.40
0.44
6
Maryland
MD
1.84
1.72
0.12
7
South Carolina
SC
1.72
1.32
0.40
8
Nevada
NV
1.72
1.40
0.32
9
Oregon
OR
1.72
1.40
0.32
10
Florida
FL
1.72
1.60
0.12
11
Delaware
DE
1.60
1.11
0.49
12
Montana
MT
1.60
1.32
0.28
13
Rhode Island
RI
1.60
1.32
0.28
14
Virginia
VA
1.60
1.40
0.20
15
California
CA
1.60
1.72
-0.12
16
Wyoming
WY
1.50
1.11
0.39
17
Georgia
GA
1.50
1.24
0.26
18
Maine
ME
1.50
1.24
0.26
19
North Carolina
NC
1.50
1.24
0.26
20
New Mexico
NM
1.50
1.50
0.00
21
Washington
WA
1.50
1.50
0.00
22
Mississippi
MS
1.40
1.11
0.29
23
New Hampshire
NH
1.40
1.24
0.16
24
New Jersey
NJ
1.40
1.24
0.16
25
Tennessee
TN
1.40
1.24
0.16
26
Alaska
AK
1.40
1.32
0.08
27
Alabama
AL
1.32
1.11
0.21
28
Louisiana
LA
1.32
1.11
0.21
29
Oklahoma
OK
1.32
1.11
0.21
30
Vermont
VT
1.32
1.24
0.08
31
Arkansas
AR
1.24
1.11
0.13
32
Indiana
IN
1.24
1.11
0.13
33
Iowa
IA
1.24
1.11
0.13
34
Kentucky
KY
1.24
1.11
0.13
35
Massachusetts
MA
1.24
1.11
0.13
36
Michigan
MI
1.24
1.11
0.13
37
Minnesota
MN
1.24
1.11
0.13
38
Missouri
MO
1.24
1.11
0.13
39
Nebraska
NE
1.24
1.11
0.13
40
South Dakota
SD
1.24
1.11
0.13
41
Texas
TX
1.24
1.11
0.13
42
West Virginia
WV
1.24
1.11
0.13
43
Wisconsin
WI
1.24
1.11
0.13
44
Connecticut
CT
1.11
1.11
0.00
45
District of Columbia
DC
1.11
1.11
0.00
46
Illinois
IL
1.11
1.11
0.00
47
Kansas
KS
1.11
1.11
0.00
48
New York
NY
1.11
1.11
0.00
49
North Dakota
ND
1.11
1.11
0.00
50
Ohio
OH
1.11
1.11
0.00
51
Pennsylvania
PA
1.11
1.11
0.00

In Hawaii’s case, elevated housing costs push mortgage balances sky-high. In Idaho, a surge of migrants since 2020 has driven up home prices and left many newcomers with large, fresh mortgages.

Rounding out the top five are Arizona, Colorado, and Utah (all 1.84). Once again, fast-growing markets where rising prices and younger populations translate into higher leverage.

ℹ️ Related: Hawaii has the fifth-lowest homeownership rate in the country.

States With the Lowest Household Debt

At the other end of the spectrum, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and North Dakota come in at just 1.11.

Many low-debt states share three traits. They have lower housing costs, older homeowner bases with significant equity, and slower population growth that tempers new borrowing.

However, even high-income states like Connecticut and the District of Columbia can land in this cohort thanks to well-paid residents who keep balances in check.

The gap underscores how regional housing dynamics, more than incomes alone, dictate household debt.

Finally, due to how this ratio is calculated, younger households’ true burden may be understated (student loan exclusion).

At the same time, the income measure is unemployment insurance-covered wages wages (not total personal income), which can overstate the ratio in high-capital-income areas (e.g., states with finance-heavy metros).

If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Visualizing Government Debt-to-GDP Around the World on Voronoi, the new app from Visual Capitalist.